Ottawa Hospital Ophthalmology
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Physiology of the human eye

Questions
 
True
False
1

Light refraction is the key to how the eye creates vision. It starts by light entering the eye through the cornea, which acts as a clear, protective outer covering of the eye.

Explanation:

Light refraction is the key to how the eye creates vision. Light enters the eye through the cornea, which acts as a clear, protective outer covering. The cornea bends or ‘refracts’ the light towards the pupil, which is the black circular opening in the center of the iris.

2

The iris is the colored part of the eye, which adjusts the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. In bright light, they iris gets smaller, in darkness the iris gets larger.

Explanation:

The iris is the colored part of the eye, which adjusts the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. In bright conditions, it contracts to reduce the pupil size which restricts too much light from entering the eye, and in dim conditions, it dilates to increase the pupil size which allows more light in, giving you better vision when it’s dark out.

3

The lens is a flexible disc shaped structure that allows the eye to focus the light directly onto the retina. Small muscles attached to the lens are what changes the shape of the lens.

Explanation:

Beyond the pupil lies the lens which is a flexible, transparent structure that further refracts light to focus it precisely onto the retina. Muscles attached to the lens can change its shape

4

The cornea and the lens form inverted images onto the retina. The brain automatically inverts the image so we see things correctly.

Explanation:

Light focused by the cornea and lens forms an inverted image on the retina. Once the brain receives the image, it automatically inverts it again so that we see things correctly.

5

The cornea has an inner surface that contain photoreceptors called rods and cones that convert light into electrical signals.

Explanation:

The retina lines the inner surface at the back of the eye and contains millions of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones that convert light into electrical signals.

6

The rods and cones in the retina change shape when they are exposed to light. This change causes a cascade of chemical and electrical signals, which generates nerve impulses to travel to the brain.

Explanation:

Rods and cones contain light-sensitive pigments (like rhodopsin in rods and opsins in cones) that change shape when exposed to light. This change triggers a cascade of chemical and electrical signals, ultimately generating nerve impulses that travel to the brain for interpretation.

7

Binocular vision is a function of how the brain itself manipulates the images coming in.

Explanation:

how the human eyes are placed in the skull allows for binocular vision. This is where each eye sees a slightly different image. This disparity helps with depth perception and spatial awareness.

The Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Ottawa Eye Institute, the Riverside Eye Care Centre, and the Department of Ophthalmology at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) are renowned institutions dedicated to providing exceptional eye care, conducting cutting-edge research, and educating future ophthalmologists. As a world-class facility, we are internationally recognized for our commitment to excellence in patient care, advancing the field of ophthalmology through research, and training the next generation of eye care professionals. With a team of over 42 full-time and part-time ophthalmologists and two PhDs, we have a wealth of expertise in various subspecialties. Our affiliation with the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and the University of Ottawa's Faculty of Medicine ensures that we remain at the forefront of advancements in ophthalmology. Our facilities are located at The Ottawa Hospital's General Campus, Riverside Campus, and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, allowing us to serve patients of all ages with specialized care. We are proud to offer comprehensive eye care services, ranging from routine eye exams to advanced diagnostic and surgical procedures. Our commitment to research enables us to stay at the forefront of technological advancements and treatment options, ensuring that our patients receive the best possible care. We are dedicated to providing compassionate, personalized care to our patients while striving for excellence in ophthalmic education and research. Through collaboration and innovation, we aim to improve the lives of individuals with eye conditions and contribute to the advancement of the field of ophthalmology on a global scale.

Ottawa Hospital Ophthalmology Practitioners

  • Dr. David Maberley

    Dr. David Maberley

    MD, FRCS(C), MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
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    Latest Health Talk

    Age-Related Macular Degeneration? " Betty a 75-year-old female with sudden onset of central vision loss in her right eye "

    Latest Health Talk Comment

    Dr. David Maberley

    , Ophthalmologist, at Ottawa Hospital Ophthalmology in Ottawa, ON commented on: Eye Health and Night Vision Problems - " Stephanie is a 35-year-old figure skating coach".

    Macular degeneration is primarily a genetic disease, and this understanding has emerged more prominently in the past decade or two. Many cases of macular degeneration are believed to have a genetic predisposition that is determined at birth, so there may be limited control over its development. However, certain behavioral factors like smoking and exposure to sunlight or UV rays may modify the genes associated with macular degeneration, potentially increasing the risk for specific types of gene problems. If you have a strong family history of macular degeneration and wish to know more about your genetic risk factors, there are tests available for assessing these factors. To assess macular degeneration, you will need to visit an ophthalmologist for an examination, which typically involves dilating your pupils with drops. It is advisable to have someone accompany you to drive you home afterward, and wearing sunglasses can help with comfort following the examination. During the examination, your ophthalmologist will carefully examine your eyes, looking for any changes, hemorrhaging, or other signs related to macular degeneration. Based on the findings, additional tests may be conducted to confirm the diagnosis. The most common and traditional test is a fluorescein angiogram, which involves injecting a dye into your arm and taking photographs of your eye to assess blood flow and examine the back of the eye in detail. This test may be supplemented by an optical coherence tomograph, which provides laser images of the layers in the back of the eye, offering additional information. Another test called auto-fluorescence uses a bright blue flash of light to evaluate the health of the pigment layers beneath the retina. This test aids in diagnosing the dry form of macular degeneration and monitoring its progression. After the assessment and initial examination, your physician will have a good sense of whether further testing is necessary. In many cases, the testing can be performed and interpreted on the same day, and treatment may also be initiated on the same day, depending on the logistics of the clinic. The diagnosis and treatment processes for macular degeneration can often be bundled together to provide timely and comprehensive care. If you have additional questions or concerns about macular degeneration, it is recommended to consult with your family physician. If they are unable to address all your inquiries, an ophthalmologist will be able to provide further information and guidance.
    See the whole conversation: Eye Health and Night Vision Problems - " Stephanie is a 35-year-old figure skating coach"

    Latest Health Talk Comment

    Dr. David Maberley

    , Ophthalmologist, at Ottawa Hospital Ophthalmology in Ottawa, ON commented on: Diagnosing Diabetic Retinopathy.

    Laser treatment is a conventional approach used for diabetic retinopathy for various reasons. The laser treatment is typically performed around the edges of the eye. During the procedure, you will be seated at a slit lamp, which is similar to the machine used during regular eye examinations. To begin, anesthetic eye drops will be administered, followed by the placement of a contact lens on the eye. This contact lens helps control blinking and directs the laser treatment. It allows the doctor to examine the inside of the eye. Within the eye, the doctor will apply controlled and fine laser spots, measured in sizes of 100, 200, or 300 microns, for a brief duration. These laser spots appear as flashes of light entering the eye. The main discomfort reported by patients is the brightness of the light, but the light itself is not damaging. The laser creates small cauterizations or burns in the areas of the retina that are not functioning well. This laser treatment can be compared to pruning a tree, where unwanted branches are removed to help the rest of the tree thrive. Similarly, the laser is applied to areas of the retina that are not functioning properly to promote the survival and health of the remaining retina. Another type of laser treatment, known as focal laser, focuses on areas closer to the center of vision. The procedure is similar to the laser treatment described above, with the administration of anesthetic eye drops, placement of a contact lens, and flashes of light. However, in focal laser treatment, there are fewer laser spots applied, and they are done more gently to address specific issues such as controlling leakage that causes vision loss. While laser treatment has been a common approach, injections have become a preferred alternative, especially for the central part of vision. However, there may be cases where laser treatment is necessary in addition to injections or when injections are not available. For more detailed information about laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy, it is best to consult with your eye doctor. They will provide you with specific information about the procedure, its benefits, and any potential risks or considerations based on your individual situation.
    See the whole conversation: Diagnosing Diabetic Retinopathy
  • Dr. Annick Fournier

    Dr. Annick Fournier

    MD, FRCSC
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
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  • Dr. Ralf Buhrmann

    Dr. Ralf Buhrmann

    MD, FRCS(C), MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
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  • Dr. Walter Delpero

    Dr. Walter Delpero

    MD, FRCS(C), MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
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  • Dr. Michael Dollin

    Dr. Michael Dollin

    MD, FRCS(C), MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
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  • Dr. Steven Gilberg

    Dr. Steven Gilberg

    MD, FRCS(C), MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
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  • Dr. Bernard Hurley

    Dr. Bernard Hurley

    MD, FRCS(C), MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
    View Profile

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  • Dr. Rustum Karanjia

    Dr. Rustum Karanjia

    MD, FRCS(C), MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
    View Profile
  • Dr. David Zackon

    Dr. David Zackon

    MD, FRCS(C), MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
    View Profile
  • Dr. Setareh Ziai

    Dr. Setareh Ziai

    MD, FRCS(C), MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
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  • Dr. Mona Koaik

    Dr. Mona Koaik

    MD, MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
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  • Dr. Matthew Quinn

    Dr. Matthew Quinn

    MD, FRCS(C), MSc
    Ophthalmologist
    Ottawa, ON
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